Grenz Review Free Essays

TY 170 February 23, 2009 Grenz Review over the long haul, various topics are introduced all through society. These subjects will in general make endeavors at discrediting its antecedent. In Stanley J. We will compose a custom exposition test on Grenz Review or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Grenz’ book, A Primer on Postmodernism, he talks about the two latest thoughts upheld by people in general; innovation and postmodernism. The restriction is evident between the times of innovation and postmodernity. As depicted by Grenz, advancement centers around the individual, utilizing thinking as a wellspring of reality. This conviction makes truth be relative. Postmodernity’s point of convergence is the gathering, as opposed to the person. Truth, in the postmodern view, is made by instinct and feeling, making it be built. Grenz additionally talks about both the issues postmodernity present on Christianity and the likenesses among postmodernism and Christianity. Grenz’ picture of postmodernism is exact for what society is confronting today. So as to comprehend the contrasts among innovation and postmodernism as Grenz has characterized them, first comprehension of how every wa made is required. Innovation is based around meta-accounts; stories that interface everybody together. The most significant meta-account of innovation is the well known fact of science. One of the most significant builds of advancement is independence, whereupon every cutting edge scholar based their work. â€Å"Most history specialists propose that the cutting edge period was conceived when the Enlightenment carried new would like to war-attacked Europe† (57). The Enlightenment had four standards; â€Å"Reason, nature, self-rule, and harmony† (68). These standards made the establishment for present day scholars. Numerous advanced scholars all through the period, paying little heed to their control, â€Å"Turned to the thinking subject as opposed to divine disclosure as the beginning stage for information and reflection† (65). Through these establishments set for advancement, the cutting edge savants went to science in help for their speculations. â€Å"Thinkers, for example, Descartes, Newton, and Kant gave the scholarly establishment to the advanced era† (80). Rene Descartes was one of the primary current scholars of his time, â€Å"often being alluded to as the dad of present day philosophy† (63). At the point when Descartes irst set out on his excursion for information, he set out with question, looking for essential truth that uncertainty couldn't deny (64). In the same way as other different scholars of that period, he â€Å"Attempted to present the thoroughness of numerical exhibit into all fields of knowledge,† on the grounds that he accepted that the certa inties of science were more concrete than information dependent on perception (64). Descartes in the long run arrived at the goal of his looking; the one thing that couldn't be questioned was one’s own reality. His better approach for speculation prompted an alternate viewpoint of the human individual. His work characterized â€Å"The individual as deduction substance and the human individual as a self-ruling reasonable subject† (64). This new definition upheld Augustine’s theory; â€Å"Cogito hence total †‘I think, along these lines I am,† (64). In spite of the fact that Descartes’ work didn't find subjectivity, â€Å"the boss significance of his commitment lies in his accentuation on close to home understanding and individual information, on information emerging from the individual’s one of a kind purpose of view† (64). His job in the Enlightenment cleared the way for his cutting edge thinking replacements. Following Descartes’ work, Newton started making his own engraving on the world, underscoring the significance of science. His work concentrated on attempting to clarify the functions of his universe that he saw as a â€Å"Grand, systematic machine,† (67). Newton’s thought of the world as a machine gave the structure to innovation. Newton accepted that by survey the world as a machine, he would have the option to know its developments since it would adhere to a lot of particular laws (67). His plan drove present day masterminds to have an unthinking comprehension of the world, instead of a characteristic view (50). In spite of the fact that Newton took a gander at the logical clarifications of the world, his aim was to clarify the presence of God. Like Descartes, Newton utilized the intensity of motivation to improve the significance of religious philosophy. â€Å"The current world ended up being Newton’s robotic universe populated by Descartes’ self-sufficient, levelheaded substance† (67). Through Newton’s work, different logicians had the establishment expected to establish their own connections with the universe of advancement. In the end, logicians started scrutinizing the Enlightenment and advancement all in all. Through Immanuel Kant’s work, he fortified the ties among society and advancement, which related himself with the start of the Enlightenment. Kant’s most significant commitment to innovation was his distribution of Critique of Pure Reason (57). His study fortified the help of advancement and ended all scrutinizing of it. Kant tried to make an increasingly solid stage for mysticism through his composition (76). He theorized that the brain is systematical in sorting out sensations from the outer world. â€Å"According to Kant, the human individual isn't just an animal equipped for sense experience transport likewise a good being† (77). Kant accepted that by living ethically, one lives the manner in which he wishes all individuals would live. He contended that the ethical part of human presence is basically levelheaded (78). This perspective on presence made the domain of functional explanation, which urged other present day thinkers to focus on the individual self. This mindfulness originated from Kant presenting the possibility that oneself is â€Å"not simply the focal point of philosophical consideration yet the whole topic of philosophy† (79). Through this idea, Kant guided his focus toward the individual impressive reality. Kant’s work furnished future logicians with the ideas expected to comprehend and in the end deconstruct innovation. Johann Gottlieb Fichte worked off of Kant’s revelations. He acknowledged Kant’s work yet in addition â€Å"Was empowered to detonate it from the inside† (87). Fichte would not like to wipe out Kant’s thoughts, however rather needed â€Å"To uncover the Kantian ‘fiction’ of a target world existing in its own privilege past the self,† (87). Through his work, Kant underscored the thought â€Å"that oneself makes and decides the items that comprise its own outside world† (87). Thus, the domain that Kant professes to know through ‘pure’ reason, Fichte cases to create through the activity of ‘practical’ reason† (87). His work has made an opportunity that â€Å"is significant in light of the fact that it holds the capability of freeing us from a solitary method of comprehension the w orld,† (88). Fichte figured out how to break down Kant’s thought of a flat out reality through â€Å"eliminating the noumenal realm† (88). In spite of the fact that he neutralized Kant from numerous points of view, Fichte figured out how to maintain Kant’s idea of indisputably oneself (87). Fichte, alongside other thinkers’, convictions prompted what is currently viewed as the postmodernism period by scrutinizing the setting of innovation and its constructors. Postmodernism is the simple dismissal of the thoughts that innovation and the Enlightenment support. The fundamental hypothesis that postmodernism rejects is the develop of independence. In its reprobation of innovation, it likewise dismisses the cutting edge topic of meta-stories, aside from its own. The postmodern world doesn't accept that all information is acceptable, nor that information is objective. They see life on earth as delicate and accept that the proceeded with presence of mankind is reliant on another mentality of participation instead of conquest† (7). Postmodern convictions have an increasingly negative view on the world, rather than the advanced thought. Postmoderns accept that the world is â€Å"historical, social, and personal† (7). The fundamental postmodern view is that ev erything is unique in relation to everything (7). â€Å"Many voices have joined the postmodern chorale. Yet, of these, three loom as both focal and paradigmatic †Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Richard Rorty. They establish a trio of postmodern prophets† (123). Michel Foucault was determined in the dismissal of the cutting edge perspective. He contended that â€Å"reason and discerning talk are hazardous.. , in light of the fact that they necessitate that we crush the assortment of reality into the counterfeit homogeneity that suits our concepts† (127). His goals were not to introduce the thoughts of a superior society, yet to get request. This new society that Foucault introduced was called â€Å"’heterotopia,’† instead of the cutting edge perspective on â€Å"utopia† (20). Foucault concentrated on the association among information and force concerning social frameworks, expressing that â€Å"every understanding of the truth is an affirmation of power† (6). Foucault accepted that this force was â€Å"the intensity of violence† (59). He utilized family history to increase a superior comprehension of how we showed up to the convictions bolstered by society (135). â€Å"According to Foucault, the act of family history educates us that history isn't constrained by predetermination or some regulative component however is the result of erratic conflicts† (136). He uncovers himself to be the model postmodern by making the attestation that â€Å"no normal request lies behind what we create through our utilization of language† (137). Foucault gave another outlet to the recently shaped idea to be deciphered by future thinkers. Ensuing to Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida rethought a few thoughts of postmodernism. In contrast to Foucault, Derrida had various perspectives on what was in co

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Buyer Behavior - Essay Example In this regard, it is particularly significant in deciding its qualities. Likewise, there is additionally knowledge it gives respects to the shopper conduct and likely activities, which take into account the recognizable proof of issues and openings in promoting the item subsequently. There are in any event five phases/ventures by which the shopper makes their buys: 1) need acknowledgment; 2) data search; 3) assessment of options; 4) buy; and, 5) postpurchase conduct (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel 2008, 140). A few specialists include a few phases simultaneously, for example, with the model created by Engle, Kollat and Blackswell, which separated the utilization stage into two - utilization and post-utilization - and including a one of a kind component as divestment (Verma 2007, 178). All things considered, the stages are quite clear and represent themselves. For example, need acknowledgment relates to the genuine want, need or need of a purchaser. This is typically the main stage all the while, however the remainder of the stages don't carefully follow the request by which they were sketched out here in this paper. The phases as delineated by this paper feature the way that purchaser buy choices are impacted by a few elements - both outside and interior impacts. Individual wants, needs and needs just as the accessible data and influencers are only a portion of these factors. They must be comprehended so as to understand the multifaceted nature of the procedure. At long last, there is likewise the way that shopper dynamic procedure doesn't end with the acquisition of the item. For item designers, it should be an interminable cycle that is the reason understanding the procedure is pivotal so as to distinguish some similarity to example and cognizance and utilize it in item advancement and in showcasing. Hypothesis 2: Family Roles impact on choice Makingâ Certainly, the persuading factors behind every customer's buy conduct are extraordinary and unique. Nonetheless, the job of the family as a solitary most significant variable in the dynamic procedure for all buyers is the equivalent for most customers in most buy choices. This ground-breaking impact, as indicated by Blythe (2006) is because of three reasons: 1. the parental impact on account of the youngsters is profoundly inserted in light of the fact that it began the most punctual and in this way sway the kids' view of everything that follows; 2. the parental want to do what is best for the kids and the family; and, 3. the impact of kin as good examples, especially when the kin is more seasoned or at times the carer or the counselor (138). The above reasons were only the crucial ones particularly while considering the way that in certain families, enrollment isn't restricted to the guardians and their posterity. Or maybe, there are additionally the more distant family, for example, aunties, uncles, cousins and grandparents. At last, it must be underscored that inside the family or inside fa mily unit, a relationship exists, wherein every part has a job and takes an interest in each dynamic procedure. This relationship, job and support are supported by different issues, for example, sex and different factors that describe the relational relations inside. Aggregately, they can characterize who

Office hours COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Office hours COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The SIPA Office of Admissions Financial Aid will be closed tomorrow (November 21) at 1pm.   Well be out celebrating Thanksgiving with our friends and family.   Our office will reopen on Monday, November 26th at 9am. Office hours COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Applications are continuously being printed as files are compiled and reviewed. But were taking a break.   If you need to reach us, please note that the Office of Admissions Financial Aid will be closed, December 23 December 27.   Our office will close again for the New Year on December 31.   We will be back on January 3, 2012 (shortly before the application deadline). Happy Holidays!

Mental Illness And Musicians Writing A Song Essay

Mental Illness and Musicians Writing a song can be a grueling process if the inspiration isn’t there. Without an emotional basis to stimulate inspiration, nothing of creative value can be accomplished. Musicians consistently look to their emotions when it comes to song writing. Passion is a key ingredient in producing something of artistic significance. By that logic, a more emotional person should also be a more creative one. But what about those with bipolar disorder? Wouldn’t their periods of mania be a sort of creative gold mine? Mental illness can drive creativity and can be proven through the examination of established musicians, the use of music as therapy, and the chemical structure of the brain itself. Neurotransmitters in the brain can give researchers insight as to why people feel the way they do. Dopamine, for example, is the neurotransmitter associated with satisfaction. Activities such as watching your favorite TV show or eating your favorite food can caus e the release of dopamine in the brain. Moreover, dopamine can act as a stimulant to increase communication between neurons and widen the brain’s range of effects. (Hillman). A study by Dr. Fredrik Ullen, of the Karolinska Institute, examined the dopamine receptors in â€Å"highly creative types† and found that their dopamine systems highly resemble those of people who suffer from schizophrenia. In both cases, there is a low density of dopamine receptors in the thalamus, which acts as aShow MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder in Song Lyrics Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesopen. The lead singer and song writer of alternative rock band Blue October, Justin Furstenfeld explains on a suicide prevention video that he has â€Å"battled with bipolar disorder, psychiatric tendencies as well as anxiety issues throughout much of his life and admits he self-harmed during his teenage years and has reoccurring suicidal thoughts† (Freunde fà ¼rs Leben, 2010). Many songs that he wrote are about his mental illness and problems he faced because of it. In the song X Amount of Words, FurstenfeldRead MoreMusic Therapy: What Are the Benefits?1193 Words   |  5 Pagestoday’s medical fields. People recognized that music does have healing properties ever since ancient times. Primitive people believed that different illnesses came from either breaking taboos or from religious or magical forces. The combination of dance, song and music in healing ceremonies was thought to expel illnesses and restore balance to the human body. These practices and religious beliefs continued throughout the Middle Ages. It wasn’t until the 18th century that scientists began to research onRead MoreMusics Health Effects1229 Words   |  5 Pagesunlock the secret’s of music, this knowledge can start being applied to the real world. This includes the world of business, academia, and more recently medical fields. So in short, music can provide stress relief, it improves focus, and it improves mental health. Music effect on stress relief is due in part to it’s effect on mood. This may seem like a sentence within a sentence, but it is much more than that. When listening to classical music, one is brought into a state of calm. When listening toRead MoreCreativity And The Mad Genius1765 Words   |  8 PagesErnest Hemingway was the only one to seem to have a genetic disposition towards mental illness. None of these men led similar lives. Van Gogh only saw one of his paintings sold, while Beethoven was an acclaimed composer by the age of twenty-nine. Hemingway was friends with some of the greatest literary minds of the day, and Robin Williams was one of the most successful comedians to date. The common link, besides their mental illnesses, is the idea that each of these men were searching for something moreRead MoreMusic and Memory: The Impression of the Soul1985 Words   |  8 Pageshow 2 different types of music can affect the memory of teenagers and young adults. The majority of studies done by the University’s and non-profit organizations all ask how music affects memory of senior citizens and how this may help their mental illness. I desired to test teenagers and young adults since I feel that our education system is established around students memorizing data and statistic, whereas teachers memorizing lesson plans. If the entire idea of the education system is to memorizeRead MoreThe History Of Ludwig Van Beethoven2152 Words   |  9 Pagesplaying on the piano. Famous for more than just writing the piece Fà ¼r Elise that most of us all know. He composed many songs with a force that not just every musician has; musical emotion. Each of his pieces captured and held a story about Beethoven. Did you know Beethoven was deaf? How could a composer, a musician, a musical genius, lack such an important and valuable sense and still continue to create such beautiful pieces? What was it like for this musician to have dealt with the struggle of not bein gRead MorePsychedelic Musicians in Rock and Roll Essay2742 Words   |  11 PagesPsychedelic Musicians in Rock and Roll In 1967 the Beatles were in Abbey Road Studios putting the finishing touches on their album Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band. At one point Paul McCartney wandered down the corridor and heard what was then a new young band called Pink Floyd working on their hypnotic debut, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. He listened for a moment, then came rushing back. Hey guys, he reputedly said, Theres a new band in there and theyre gonna steal our thunder. WithRead MoreMusic Therapy1769 Words   |  8 Pagesare many people who have no idea what it is. During W.W.I., music therapy in the United States began to develop when music was used in the Veterans Administration Hospitals as an intervention to address traumatic war injuries. There were several musicians who were not working and they would go to the Veteran hospitals to play for the injured soldiers. â€Å"Numerous doctors and nurses witnessed the effect music had on veterans psychological, physiological, cognitive, and emotional stateâ €  (University HospitalsRead MoreA Descriptive Study of the Practice of Music Therapy in Hong Kong17388 Words   |  70 Pagessense of self-awareness, and thereby to enhance his or her quality of life. The process may take place in individual or group music therapy sessions. (APMT, 2006) To summarize, the objective of music therapy is to help clients maintain physical and mental health through a series of treatments by a professional music therapist. The above three definitions, which are often cited by music therapists and scholars, not only explain what music therapy is, but also establish a new perspective or approachRead MoreSocial Networking Sites-Boon/Bane15517 Words   |  63 Pagestend to hide the real stuff by using code language you may never understand. Teens are basically using them to stop parents and employers from judging them on the basis of their social activities such as partying, drinking and drugs. Instead of writing they are drunk, teens post Getting MWI or mad with it, reports telegraph.co.uk. , a regular user says Of course the code language exists and it is quite a trendy and potent way to say things without stating the obvious. Things are not as safe

Online Education Vs Traditional Education - 1390 Words

Online Education Vs Traditional Education In the present world, there are a lot of options for a student to choose for his education. Each and every student learning technique are different and learn differently and in today’s world of increasing technology, the question will be whether to offer classes or take up classes online, but rather how to implement them effectively and efficiently. Hence a student must have to weigh a huge list of pros and cons before they choose one of the two options, since the means of education for these are different. Students have an opportunity to plan their own study time, if they choose online classes instead of other way round where the university will decide the class time or lecture time. Online classes can be taken at their own pace, sitting at their own home or at any place they feel comfortable, on the contrary students should physically attend classes as per the time prescribed by the professor, live near to the campus. In the online classes there is more flexibility than trad itional classroom because you can do your coursework any time of the day or night without having a set schedule when you have to do your coursework. There are so many people that are choosing to further their education by taking online courses instead of traditional classroom because of their busy work schedules. Professors teaching online education have set hours that they are on to answer any questions that you may have just like they do in a traditionalShow MoreRelatedTraditional Education Vs. Online Education1026 Words   |  5 Pages1101 29 October 2015 Traditional Education vs. Online Education Nowadays, education is becoming one of the fundamental things in a human lifetime; most people are trying to achieve a higher education. As technology develops considerably, it has bearings on every area of our life, even in the way of education. The development of technology has a large impact on education. Before this progression of technology, the education system was only traditional. Currently, the education system has been changedRead MoreOnline Education vs Traditional Education1666 Words   |  7 PagesOnline Education vs. Traditional Education Nowadays, with the technology furtherance and the increased use of the internet, online education has gained significant acceptance and popularity all over the world. Not too long ago, online education offered no competition to traditional education .Today, with more choices being offered online, traditional education is now facing a number of challenges in every level. This has as a result, the competition between those two educational programs, havingRead MoreOnline Education Vs. Traditional Education1221 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits of Online Education Factions and supporters of online education express many advantages of online education compared to old-style classroom instruction. First, enrollment options are offered to each student to study online for most degree plans, with a flexible enrollment option and from any location, free from a competitive student classroom environment (Frame et al., 2015). Second, online education provides the student the option to work their assignments from home or any location atRead MoreOnline vs. Traditional Education1096 Words   |  5 PagesOnline vs. Traditional Education Have you ever had the opportunity to take online classes? Have you even heard of online classes? If you haven’t, you are missing out on a great opportunity. Online education is rapidly becoming a popular alternative to traditional education. It is offering more flexibility for students and providing individuals with better opportunities for postsecondary education. Even though traditional education has been the only form of education for hundreds of yearsRead MoreOnline vs Traditional Education1054 Words   |  5 PagesOnline vs. Traditional Education With the increase in use of the Internet, more people are online to make purchases, research information and now gain an online education. Online education is on the rise. People are choosing to get an online education more so now because people are busier than ever and more jobs are requiring a college education. Also with these larger companies closing and laying off employees, people who once had a job are now faced with the challenge of looking for a new jobs-sometimesRead MoreOnline vs Traditional Education1149 Words   |  5 Pagescollege education and expand my career choices. I believe having an education is very important, if you want to be successful in your life. When looking at which school I was going to attend, I had to look at all aspects of my education. One of the first questions I asked myself was should I attend an online school or go to a traditional school? There two choices when looking to obtain a college education; the choices are online education or a tradi tional education. Online and traditional educationsRead MoreTraditional Vs. Online Education944 Words   |  4 Pagesand Contrast Traditional vs. Online As this world s technology is progressing so is the way we teach and learn. Ever since school started hundreds of years ago it s always been a teacher in a live classroom with many students. Everything is shifting, however; and now we have transitioned into online classes as well. I have had both, and I can tell you there are many comparisons and contrasts between the two. 77% of educators believe that online learning is just as good as traditional learning, ifRead MoreEssay on Online Education vs. Traditional Education1083 Words   |  5 PagesOnline Education vs. Traditional Education Online Education vs. Traditional Education While most believe online education is easy as the student is just sitting in front of the computer, attending class online is more challenging than attending class in a classroom because requires time management skills and requires self-discipline. Attending college online requires the college student to have excellent time management skills. The majority of online students have responsibilitiesRead MoreOnline Education Vs Traditional Education1068 Words   |  5 PagesOn-Line Education versus Traditional Education Introduction/Thesis Online education has rapidly become a popular alternative to traditional education, due to the flexible nature of the courses and also the fact that the online learning environment may not require additional expenses. However, some people find traditional learning to be more advantageous than online learning. The traditional learning environment provides some people with more support throughout their scholastic career. When lookingRead MoreOnline Education Vs Traditional Education1657 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing online learning. Which is the better option: traditional or online classes? Online education has become more and more popular with a â€Å"3.9% increase in the number of [online] education students† (2015) and â€Å"5.8 million students enrolled in online courses in the fall of 2014† (2015). When we look at the nuts and bolts of a traditional classroom setting compared to an online classroom setting, it becomes clear that online classes are the way to go. Not on ly do the many benefits of online learning

Airfield lighting Free Essays

Decennial sensors detect movements of aircraft and there vehicles on the ground. The signals from individual lights and sensors are communicated via FALL and are comprehensively visualized for the operators in the tower through an ALAS. FALL enables the controllers to optimize the use of the entire airfield lighting system: through flexible control of each segment of the runway, taxiway and apron circuits, every component and individual lamp is exactly controllable. We will write a custom essay sample on Airfield lighting or any similar topic only for you Order Now As such, FALL provides excellent tools to perform control of aircraft ground movements: taxiway routing, Stoppard control, runway incursion detection are now available for the operators in the tower. Safety of air traffic movements and number of slots per day are significantly increased with this modern and reliable control system. Using the power supply series circuit for reliable and high-speed communication between substation and individual lamps, FALL detects and supervises the actual status of each lamp and provides complete detailed information to the operational control station. FALL continuously monitors all lamps controlled via the system and identifies a lamp failure immediately, indicating the exact position of the failed lamp. As a result, the need for regular visual inspections is reduced and overall maintenance performance can be improved. In order to prevent collisions on the reside movement area, CIAO prescribes the implementation of an (Advanced) Surface Movement Guidance and Control System) – (A)SMOCKS is a modern control and monitoring system for the guidance of aircraft on the ground. The solutions offered by Siemens Intelligent Traffic Systems Airfield meet all legal and operational requirements in this field of application. Thanks to sophisticated navigational aids for air traffic control, aircraft can take off and land under almost all weather conditions. However, when traffic on the ground is lowed down, high-volume airborne operations are put in Jeopardy: Visibility conditions of less than mm generally delay aircraft ground movements and reduce the total capacity of the airport. SUMS identifies each aircraft, provides continuous surveillance and monitoring of taxiing traffic; determines conflict-free taxiway routes automatically and uses visual signals to guide aircraft and vehicles reliably. And in case of route deviations, it warns pilots or drivers immediately. The comprehensive SMOCKS control and monitoring functionality provides controllers with tools to enhance airport safety, efficiency and availability – under all visibility conditions. Tower ALAS Airfield Lighting Control and Monitoring Systems Airfield Lighting Control Systems (ALAS) allow air traffic controllers (TACT) to monitor and operate a range of lighting functions from the control tower, at the same time providing them with valuable feedback on the performance status of system lighting equipment. Surface Movement Guidance and Control System CIAO has specified the provision of (advanced) surface movement guidance and control systems (A-)SMOCKS to avoid collisions on the ground. Siemens/DAB is doing its part to help airports to fulfill these requirements. In the late asses the problems of transition from the new precision radio instrument approach aids to the final, visual approach at night or in reduced visibility much exercised civil aviation. Various high-intensity approach lighting systems were developed to ease the transition from instrument to visual flight. In 1949 three competing systems – a British one (the Calvert system), a French one (a form of displaced Calvert system) and an American one (the Slope Line system) were presented to CIAO. Because each system had its supporters among the CIAO members, CIAO ended up recommending that any of the three systems could be adopted. Independently, and before the CIAO decision, DACCA engineers had also been studying the problem of approach lighting and had concluded that the British ‘Calvert’ system was superior. A trial installation was installed on Session’s Runway 08 toward the end of 1951. This trial proved successful and the system was commissioned for operational use in 1953. The following information about the Calvert cross bar lighting system is based on an article High Intensity Approach Lighting by S W Hart (DACCA Sectional Airways Engineer) which appeared in the Civil Aviation Joanna, the Dacca house publication, Volvo 1, No 3, March 1951. In 1946 Mr. E S Calvert of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Breakthrough, was requested by a UK Ministry of Civil Aviation Airfield Lighting Committee to investigate the problem of approach lighting and establish the general principles involved. Calvert tackled the problem by attempting to ascertain the visual and mental processes by which a pilot lands an aircraft. He then developed a theoretical model by which different lighting systems could be compared, and tested his theoretical results using simulation. Culvert’s line of reasoning led him to the conclusion that to provide smooth transition room instrument to visual flying without optical illusions, and to provide sensitive and natural indications which could easily be interpreted by the average pilot, the approach lighting pattern should consist of a centre line of light with horizontal bars basic elements – a line of lights leading to the runway threshold, and horizontal lights to define the attitude of the aircraft. Calvert placed much stress on roll guidance compared with the Americans who, up to that time, had completely neglected it. He was the first to realism that it was easy to confuse lateral displacement with angle of ann.. The Calvert system does not indicate a defined glide path, but the widths of the horizon bars are such that, if a pilot maintains a glide that will take him to the correct touch down point, each bar will appear to be the same width as the previous one as it disappears under the nose of the aircraft. Distance is indicated by using single lights in the centre line to indicate 1000 Ft or less from the threshold, double lights for 1000-2000 Ft and triple lights for 2000-3000 Ft. It is interesting to note that the basic form of the Calvert cross bar lighting system still forms the basis for high- intensity approach lighting systems today. Diagrams above: With horizon bars the pilot can see if he is on an even keel (left) or banked right wing down to turn on to the centre line (right). Below: A modified form of the basic High Intensity Approach Lighting system is used on some capital city precision approach (ILLS) runways, in this case on Melbourne/Utilitarian’s Runway 27. The main difference is the larger array of lights Just prior to the threshold. Runway Edge Lights are used to outline the edges of runways during periods of darkness or restricted visibility conditions. These light systems are classified according to the intensity they are capable of producing: High Intensity Runway Lights (HIRE) Medium Intensity Runway Lights (MARL) Low Intensity Runway Lights (LIRA) The HIRE and MARL systems have variable intensity controls, whereas the Liars normally have one intensity setting. Runway Edge Lights are white, except on instrument runways where yellow replaces white on the last 2,000 feet or half the runway length, whichever is less, to form a caution zone for landings. The lights marking the ends of the runway emit red light toward the runway to indicate the end of runway to a departing aircraft and emit green outward from the runway end to indicate the threshold to landing aircraft. Lighting (ARC) or Pilot Activated Lighting (PAL), is a technical system by which aircraft pilots can control the lighting of an airport or airfield’s, approach lights, runway edge lights, and taxiways via radio. PC systems are most common at non- towered or little-used airfields where it is not economical to light the runways all night every night nor to maintain staff to turn the runway lighting on and off as needed. PC enables pilots to control the lighting only when they require it, thereby saving electricity and reducing light pollution. If the airfield supports PC, the pilot test the radio to the ARC frequency for the airport, which is often, but not always, the same as the UNISOM/ACTA frequency (e. . Smiths Falls-Montague Airport hosts separate Unisom and ARC frequencies). The systems are then typically operated by performing a series of clicks with the radio microphone talk button. PC systems most often have three settings: Low intensity: Three clicks within seven seconds Medium intensity: Five clicks within seven seconds High intensity: Seven clicks within seven seconds When the lighting system is activated, a 15-minute countdown starts, after which the sights turn off. While the lights are still active, whenever a lighting command is issued, whether it changes the lighting intensity or not, the 15-minute countdown is reset. At some airfields, special lights may blink for ten seconds to warn pilots before the lights shut off. When using PC, it is very highly recommended that aircraft on final approach to the airfield issue a fresh lighting command even if the lights are already on (especially if the lights were activated by another aircraft). This is so that the lighting does not go off by surprise at a critical moment (such as when crossing he runway threshold). The Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASS) is a system of lights on the side of an airport runway that provides visual descent guidance information during the approach to a runway. These lights may be visible from up to eight kilometers (five miles) during the day and up to 32 kilometers (20 miles) or more at night. Contents [hide] 1 Types 1. 1 Standard VASS 1. 2 API (Precision Approach Path Indicator) 1. 3 PASS’ (Pulsating Visual Approach Slope Indicator) 1. 4 Trio-colored VASS 2 Mnemonics 3 Reference 4 See also 5 External links [edit] Types Standard Visual Approach Slope Indicator Basic visual approach slope indicators consist of two sets of lights. One set marks the start of the runway, while the other is set up some seven meters (twenty feet) along the runway. Each set of lights is designed so that the lights appear as either white or red, depending on the angle at which the lights are viewed. When the pilot is approaching the lights at the proper angle, meaning he is on the glide slope, the first set of lights appears white and the second set appears red. When both sets appear white, he is flying too high, and when both appear red he is flying too low. This is the cost common type of visual approach slope indicator system. [edit] API (Precision Approach Path Indicator) Main article: Precision Approach Path Indicator Precision Approach Path Indicator consist of four sets of lights in a line perpendicular to the runway, usually mounted to the left side of the runway. These have a similar purpose to basic visual approach slope indicators, but the additional lights serve to show the pilot how far off the glide slope the aircraft is. When the lights show White- White-Red-Red the aircraft is on the correct glide slope for landing, usually 3. 00. Three red lights (White-Red-Red-Red) indicate that the aircraft is slightly below glide slope (2. 80), while four red lights (Red-Red-Red-Red) indicate that the aircraft is significantly below glide slope (3. 50). Most large airports utilize this system. Although most airports use a API based on a 3. 00 glide slope, some airports may use a glide slope as great as 4. 50 in order to have proper obstruction clearance. Edit] PASS’ (Pulsating Visual Approach Slope Indicator) This is a single light next to the runway. The signal format is solid white when established on the proper descent profile, and solid red when below the proper scent profile. An actively pulsing red or white light when well above or well below allows the pilot to determine his position in the signal format and what corrective action is needed to return to the proper descent profile. [edit] Trio-color ed VASS This is a single light that appears amber above the glide slope, green on the glide slope and red below it. It is rarely used, partly because pilots who are unfamiliar with them have been known to misinterpret the lights, causing them to ‘correct’ in the wrong direction. [edit] Mnemonics Older Visual Approach Slope Indicator Pilots often use mnemonics to help them remember basic information. In English, the following are common: Red over white, you’re all right. White over white, you’re out of sight. Alternative: White over white, you’ll fly all night. Alternative: White over white, you’re high as a kite. Alternative: White over white, you remain in flight. Red over red, you’re dead. Alternative: Red over red, watch your head. Also Red red you’re dead Red and white you’re alright White and white you’re as high as a kite Runway End Identifier Lights (REEL) are installed at many airports to provide rapid and positive identification of the approach end of a particular runway. The system consists of a pair of synchronized flashing lights located laterally on each side of the runway threshold. Reels may be either unidirectional or unidirectional facing the approach area. They are effective for: Identification of a runway surrounded by a preponderance of other lighting. Identification of a runway which lacks contrast with surrounding terrain. Identification of a runway during reduced visibility. An approach lighting system, or ALLS, is a lighting system installed on the approach end of an airport runway and consists of a series of lighters, strobe lights, or a ambition of the two that extends outward from the runway end. ALLS usually serves a runway that has an instrument approach procedure (PAP) associated with it and allows the pilot to visually identify the runway environment once he or she has arrived at a prescribed point on an approach. The runway lighting is controlled by the air traffic control tower. At uncontrolled airports, Pilot Controlled Lighting may be installed which can be switched on by the pilot via radio. In both cases, the brightness of the lights can be adjusted for day and night operations. A key ingredient of all Approach Lighting Systems in the US is the Decision Bar. The Decision Bar is always located 1000†² from the threshold, and it serves as a visible horizon to ease the transition from instrument flight to visual flight. It also is situated such that at Decision Altitude, the Decision Bar is Just appearing to pass under the cowling of the plane. Approach Light Systems are designed such that they allow the pilot to quickly and positively identify visibility distances in Instrument meteorological conditions. For example, if the aircraft is at the Middle Marker, and the Middle Marker is located 3600†² from the threshold, the Decision Bar is 2600†² ahead. If the reoccurred calls for at least 1/2 statute mile flight visibility (roughly 2600†²), spotting the Decision Bar at the marker would indicate enough flight visibility to continue the procedure. In addition, the shorter bars before and after the Decision Bar are spaced either 100†² or 200†² apart depending on the ALLS type. The number of short bars the pilot can see can be used to determine flight visibility. Approaches with lower minimums use the more precision 100†² spacing systems for more accurate identification of visibility. Several ALLS configurations are recognized by the International Civil Aviation Organization (CIAO); however, non-standard ALLS How to cite Airfield lighting, Papers

Oedipus Is A Unlucky King Of Thebes, The Main Character Of An Ancient

Oedipus is a unlucky king of Thebes, the main character of an ancient tale which is literarily important through the times. His parents are Laios and Iokaste. Laios found out of an oracle that he were to be killed by his own son, and to prevent this he stabbed the boy's feet and then tied them together with an osier and ordered a servant to kill him. The servant brought the child with him to the forest but could not make himself to harm the little one, but left him by a tree. Soon the child was found by a couple of farmers who were in the service of the king of Korinth, who took care of him and raised him as his own son with the name Oedipus, Club-foot; the foot on the child had become swollen because of the osier. The boy grew up to be the best in all sports, which made all the youths in the same age as him jealous. One of these reminded Oedipus that he was an orphan and not a king's son at all. His foster-mother ensured him this was just talk, but Oedipus did not settle with her answer but went to the oracle in Delphi in hope to get a better answer about his origin. He did not; but he found out he were to kill his father and marry his mother if he returned home, and appaled Oedipus decided to never return to the court in Korinth, which were the only home he knew about. On the winding road down from Delphi it happened, though, that he at a crossroads met a carriage in which a noble stranger came riding, followed by an armoured servant. The stranger ordered Oedipus in a rude manner that he should go out of the way, but he answered in the same tone, and the argument ended when Oedipus killed his antagonist and even his servant. He continued his travel and in the end he arrived to Thebes where he found out strange things. The king of Thebes had been beated to death in an unknown matter during a trip, and the area was haunted by a dreadful sphinx, which the goddess Hera had sent there; it asked mysterious questions to people, and those who could not answer its riddles were eaten by it. The Thebans had gone to the oracle in Delphi and found out that the only way to stop it were to answer its riddles correctly, and as soon as this was done the beast's power would be broken. The one who could do this were promised Thebes' throne and marriage with the widow -queen Iokaste. Oedipus decided to try and walked fearless up to the sphinx and heard the riddle: 'What is it that walks on four legs in the morning, two legs at noon, and three legs in the evening?' Oedipus answered: 'Why, a man, of course. He crawls on hands and knees as a baby, walk on two legs as an adult, and supports himself on a stick in the evening of his days.' There are different ends to this story, either the sphinx ran its head hard against a mountainside and died, or it flung itself from a cliff and down in the sea. Oedipus now became king of Thebes and married Iokaste. They got two sons and two daughters, and everything was peaceful and they were happy for a few years. There after a sudden and hard plague broke out in Thebes, and when they asked the oracle, again, about what they should do to stop the plague, they got the answer that the disease would stay as long as king Laios' murderer stayed in the country. The circumstances around the former king's death had not been investigated, and Oedipus who were a good and fair ruler soon started a scrupulous investigation. How he finds out the terrible truth is the content of Sofokles' big drama "Oedipus", one of the few ancient pieces which itself really can touch a modern audience without preconceived thoughts concerning the history of literature. It ends with Iokaste taking her own life and Oedipus picks out his eyes and leaves the country after it was clear the stranger who were killed on the way were